Այս ուսումնական տարին ևս ավարտվեց և կարող եմ վստահաբար ասել որ անցկացրել եմ անմոռանալի և հետաքրքիր տարի։ Այս ուսումնական տարվա ընթացքում սկսեցինք սովորել մեր մասնագիտական առարկաները: Ավելի լավ ենք սկսել հասկանալ և դա շատ լավ է:
Կազմակերպել եմ սպորտային նախագիծ՝ Սուրեն Հայրապետյանի հետ, որտեղ մասնակցել են քոլեջի ուսանողները: Խաղացել ենք Ֆուդբոլ և վոլեյբոլ: Նախագծի նպատակն էր՝ սպորտային հետաքրքրությունների խրախուսում: Նախագիծը կարող եք տեսնել այս հղումով՝ ՍՊՈՐՏԱՅԻՆ ՆԱԽԱԳԻԾ: Ֆոտոշարքը կարող եք տեսնել 3-րդ կուրսի լուսանկարիչ Անահիտ Գաբրիեթյանի բլոգում՝ Ֆուդբոլի և վոլեյբոլի մրցումներ․ Ֆոտոշարք:
Կազմակերպ ել ենք նաև՝ Սուրեն Հայրապետյանի հետ <<էլելտրոնային խաղերի>> մրցույթ: Նախագծի նպատակն էր՝ էլելտրոնային խաղերի հետաքրքրությունների խրախուսում: Նախագիծը կարող եք տեսնել այս հղումով՝ ԷԼԵԿՏՐՈՆԱՅԻՆ ԽԱՂԻ ՆԱԽԱԳԻԾ: ֆոտոշարքը և տեսանյութը կարող եք դիտել 3-րդ կուրսի լուսանկարիչ՝ Անահիտ Գաբրիելյանի բլոգում՝ PUBG MOBILE:
Первые игральные карты появились в Восточной Азии. В Китае и Корее карты упоминались уже в XII веке[источник не указан 706 дней]. Существуют также и более ранние упоминания игры, в которой использовались продолговатые листы — они относятся к периоду правления в девятом веке династии Тан (618—907 гг.) До появления бумажных карт китайцы и японцы использовали плоские продолговатые таблички из дерева, бамбука или даже из слоновой кости. Распространяясь в разных культурах, колоды принимали различные формы и вид. В Индии играли круглыми картами, которые назывались ганджифа. В средневековой Японии во времена сёгуната была распространена карточная[источник не указан 706 дней] игра Ута-гарута, в качестве колоды в которой использовались раковины мидий, изображавшие сцены быта, времена года и сцены стихов.Итальянская тарелка середины XV века, изображающая игру в картыРаспространение в ЕвропеПравитьО том, как карты попали в Европу, нет точных данных. Предполагается, что путь распространения игральных карт был следующим: Китай — Индия — Персия — Египет — Европа. Долгое время «импорт» через арабские страны, как и участие мусульман в развитии карточных игр, отрицали. Однако позже было установлено, что последователи ислама не только играли в карточные игры, но и создали собственную колоду. Собственно, арабы (а точнее, арабские купцы и моряки), как правило, являлись обычными посредниками заимствований из Китая. Карты мамлюков во многом напоминали Таро: 56 младших арканов и 22 старших козыря делились на 4 масти — Мечи, Посохи, Кубки и Пентакли (также известные как Диски и Монеты). Запрет Корана на изображение людей мамлюки соблюдали и поэтому наносили на карты только строгие геометрические орнаменты — арабески.
Первые упоминания игральных карт на территории Европы относятся к XIV столетию. Существует запись в хронике города Берн от 1367 года, сообщающая о запрете карт. В 1370 году появилось слово naipes (игральные карты) в испанской книжке со стихами. С 1377 учащаются упоминания карт (чаще всего в связи с запретами). Самый обширный рассказ появился в том году из-под пера монаха в городе Фрайбург[1]. Уже в середине XVI века английские аристократы не смущаются присутствием на парадном портрете игральных карт, об этом свидетельствует картина Мастера графини Уорик (?) «Портрет Эдварда Виндзора, 3-го барона Виндзора, его жены, Кэтрин де Вер, и их семьи», относящаяся к 1568 году. Считается, что каждая фигура в картах представляет определённого исторического персонажа[2]:Давид — король пик.Афина — дама пик.Ожье Датчанин — валет пик.Александр Македонский — король треф.Аргина (возможно, анаграмма лат. Regina, означающего «королева», или искажённое Argea (Аргия) — имя, принадлежащее нескольким персонажам древнегреческой мифологии) — дама треф.Ланселот — валет треф.Гай Юлий Цезарь — король бубенРахиль — дама бубен.Гектор — валет бубен.Карл Великий — король червей.Елена Прекрасная — дама червей.Ла Гир — валет червей.Валет пик (назывался «Hogier»): Ожье Датчанин, рыцарь Карла Великого. Правда, существует иная версия, что прототипом валета пик является Роланд. Валет червей (назывался «Lahire»): Ла Гир, французский полководец эпохи Столетней войны. Валет бубён (назывался «Hector»): Гектор, вождь троянского войска. Валет треф (назывался «Lancelot»): Ланселот Озерный, рыцарь Круглого стола.Появление карт в России относится к царствованию Фёдора Иоанновича. Согласно Уложению царя Алексея Михайловича от 1649 года, карточные игры считались большим преступлением, за которое полагалось клеймение раскалённым железом и вырывание ноздрей. При царе Петре отношение к картам улучшается, открывается их производство на двух небольших мануфактурах в Москве, хотя сам Пётр играл в них очень редко. Торговля игральными картами стала источником немалых доходов. При Александре I вводится монополия на производство игральных карт (сохранявшаяся до 1917 года), причём доход направлялся на содержание ведомства императрицы, опекавшего детей-сирот. Бумага для производства карт была низкого качества и поэтому предварительно натиралась тальком на особых талечных машинах. Такие карты были гладкими, хорошо скользили при тасовании и назывались «атласными». Стоили они недёшево: дюжина колод атласных карт в 1855 году стоила 5 рублей 40 копеек[2].
Bugatti Veyron — гиперкар компании Bugatti, производившийся с 2005 по 2015 год. Назван в честь французского легендарного гонщика Пьера Вейрона, победителя 1939 года в гонках 24 часа Ле-Мана[1]. В 2010 году журналы Top Gear и Robb Report присудили награду «Автомобиль десятилетия» Bugatti Veyron и модификации Grand Sport соответственно[2]. Модификация Super Sport в 2010 году побила мировой рекорд скорости и стала самым быстрым серийным автомобилем в мире[3]. Производство Veyron на данный момент завершено, всего было продано 450 автомобилей: 300 купе и 150 родстеров[1]. Его преемником является Bugatti Chiron, официально представленный на женевском автосалоне в 2016 году.
Football is a team sport in which the goal is to kick the ball into the opponent’s goal with the feet or other parts of the body (except the arms) more times than the opposing team. Currently the most popular and massive sport in the world
Early varieties of footballBall games have been played in many countries. In China, this variety was called Zhu-Ke. In ancient Sparta, the game was called “Episkiros”, and in Ancient Rome “Harpastum”. Around the XIV century, the Italians invented the game “Calcio”. It was they who brought this game to the British Isles.The first rulesIn the XIX century, football in England gained popularity comparable to cricket. It was played mostly in colleges. In some colleges, the rules allowed holding and passing the ball with their hands, in others, on the contrary, it was prohibited. The first attempt to create uniform rules was made in 1846, when representatives of several colleges met. They established the first set of rules. In 1857, the first specialized football club was founded — Sheffield. In 1863, after long negotiations, the code of rules of the Football Association of England was adopted. The dimensions of the field and gate were also adopted. And in 1871, the FA Cup was founded — the oldest football tournament in the world. In 1891, the penalty shootout rule was adopted. But at first the penalty was not fought from the point, but from the line, which, just like now, was at a distance of 11 meters from the goal.
In the 1880s, football became popular in society. The number of clubs in the Football Association exceeded 100. At the same time, rumors began to circulate that some clubs were paying players salaries, and according to the original plan of the association, football was an exclusively amateur sport. Therefore , in 1882 , the following paragraph was added to the rules:Any player of the club who receives remuneration from the club in any form or monetary compensation exceeding his personal expenses or funds in connection with entering a particular game is automatically suspended in Cup competitions, in any competitions under the auspices of the FA and in international tournaments. The club that hired such a player is automatically excluded from the Association.At the beginning of 1884, the Upton Park club accused Preston North End of paying salaries to the players of this club. The president of Preston, William Saddel, also acknowledged this. The club was expelled from the FA. And in 1885, the Football Association still allowed players to pay salaries. This led to the creation of the world’s first regular Football League. The champion of this tournament was Preston North End. On November 30, 1872, the first ever international match was held. It was held between the national teams of England and Scotland. In 1904, FIFA, the governing body in football, was founded in Paris. It includes: Belgium, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Spain (like FC Madrid), Sweden and Switzerland.In 1901 in Montevideo hosted the first ever match involving teams that did not represent The British Isles are the hosts, the national team of Uruguay lost in a hard struggle Argentina with the score 2:3.
The beginning of international competitionsAfter the election of Jules Rime as FIFA president in 1921, a proposal was ratified to consider the subsequent Olympic football tournaments as “World Amateur Football Championships”. These tournaments — 1924 and 1928 — were won by the Uruguayan national team. Thanks to these successes, the Uruguayan Football Association had no competitors in the struggle to organize the first FIFA World Cup in history (better known in Russian simply as the FIFA World Cup), which was held in 1930. The Uruguayans became the winner of the home championship, three-time FIFA world champions and the first FIFA World Cup winners. This was the beginning of a new era in the history of football. Until 1970, this trophy was named after Jules Rime, was also known as the “Cup of the Goddess Nike”, but after the third victory of the Brazilian national team at the World Cup, it was given to her for eternal storage. Instead, the modern World Cup began to be played.
A kind of football
There are many varieties of football, mostly with fewer players, including: futsal (AMF) and futsal (FIFA) — mini-football (played in the hall on a special surface), showball (played in an adapted hockey box with artificial turf), yard football (played on any surface on fields of any size by any number of people), beach soccer (played on sand), “river football” (knee-deep in water, annual tournament in English Burton), “swamp football” (played in a swamp), football freestyle (consists in performing all kinds of feints and tricks), rashball (played on a field divided into goalkeeper, free kick, attack, defense and neutral zones), footdableball (played with two balls).There are also virtual and table football as sports games and football on paper as a logic game.Since the popularity of football is very high, there are many games that simulate football.In Manchester , it operates The National Football Museum, which shows fifteen-minute films about outstanding matches of the past, in the halls of the museum there are wax figures of famous players, various exhibits from the history of football.
football in the world
According to FIFA, in 2001, about 250 million people played football on the planet. More than 20 million of them are women. About 1.5 million teams and 300,000 professional clubs are registered.According to the statement of the President of FIFA, Y. The total number of players in the world in May 2004 was 250 million people, which corresponds to 4.1% of the world’s population.[51]In the distribution by country, the USA is in first place in terms of the number of football players (approximately 18 million, of which 40% are women), followed by Indonesia (10 million), Mexico (7.4 million), China (7.2 million), Brazil (7 million), Germany (6.2 million), Bangladesh (5.2 million), Italy (4 million), Russia (3.8 million). However, the number of football players in a particular country does not speak at all about the quality of football in different parts of the world. Thus, the World Cup was won exclusively by European and South American teams, and in Uruguay, which is a two-time winner of the FIFA World Cup, has fewer people living than registered football players in Russia.In July 2017, the International Football Federation (FIFA) announced plans to captivate 60% of the world’s population with football by 2026. FIFA intends to invest $ 4 billion in the development of football.
Name
Main article: Names for association footballFootball is one of a family of football codes, which emerged from various ball games played worldwide since antiquity.The term soccer comes from Oxford “-er” slang, which was prevalent at Oxford University in England from about 1875, and is thought to have been borrowed from the slang of Rugby School. The slang also gave rise to rugger for Rugby football, fiver and tenner for a five-pound and ten-pound note, and the now-archaic footer for association football. The word soccer (which arrived at its final form in 1895) was first recorded in 1889 in the earlier form of socca.Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called “football” in Great Britain and most of Ulster in the north of Ireland, whereas people usually call it “soccer” in regions and countries where other codes of football are prevalent, such as Australia, Canada, South Africa, most of Ireland (excluding Ulster) and the United States. A notable exception is New Zealand, where in the first two decades of the 21st century, under the influence of international television, “football” has been gaining prevalence, despite the dominance of other codes of football, namely rugby union and rugby league.
History
Main article: History of association football(Left): an episkyros player on an ancient stone carving, c. 375–400 BC, exhibited at the National Archaeological Museum, Athens; (right): children playing cuju in Song dynasty China, 12th centuryKicking ball games arose independently multiple times across multiple cultures. The Chinese competitive game cuju (蹴鞠, literally “kick ball”) resembles modern association football.[15] Cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. During the Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE), cuju games were standardised and rules were established.[16]Phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games.[17][18] An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens[14] appears on the UEFA European Championship trophy.[19] Athenaeus, writing in 228 CE, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence. They all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football.[16][20][21][22][23][24] As with pre-codified “mob football”, the antecedent of all modern football codes, these three games involved more handling the ball than kicking.[25][26]Other games included kemari in Japan and chuk-guk in Korea.[27][28] In North America, pasuckuakohowog was a ball game played by the Algonquians; it was described as “almost identical to the kind of folk football being played in Europe at the same time, in which the ball was kicked through goals”.[29]Association football in itself does not have a classical history.[19] Notwithstanding any similarities to other ball games played around the world FIFA has recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe.[30] The modern rules of association football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England. The history of football in England dates back to at least the eighth century CE.
Gameplay
Association football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game. The game is played using a spherical ball of 68–70 cm (27–28 in) circumference,[69] known as the football (or soccer ball). Two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the other team’s goal (between the posts and under the bar), thereby scoring a goal. The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw. Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game: to represent their team in the coin toss before kick-off or penalty kicks.[4]A goalkeeper saving a close-range shot from inside the penalty areaThe primary law is that players other than goalkeepers may not deliberately handle the ball with their hands or arms during play, though they must use both their hands during a throw-in restart. Although players usually use their feet to move the ball around they may use any part of their body (notably, “heading” with the forehead)[70] other than their hands or arms.[71] Within normal play, all players are free to play the ball in any direction and move throughout the pitch, though players may not pass to teammates who are in an offside position.[72]During gameplay, players attempt to create goal-scoring opportunities through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling, passing the ball to a teammate, and by taking shots at the goal, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the opponent in possession of the ball; however, physical contact between opponents is restricted. Football is generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play or when play is stopped by the referee for an infringement of the rules. After a stoppage, play recommences with a specified restart.[73]A player executing a slide tackle to dispossess an opponentAt a professional level, most matches produce only a few goals. For example, the 2005–06 season of the English Premier League produced an average of 2.48 goals per match.[74] The Laws of the Game do not specify any player positions other than goalkeeper,[75] but a number of specialised roles have evolved.[76] Broadly, these include three main categories: strikers, or forwards, whose main task is to score goals; defenders, who specialise in preventing their opponents from scoring; and midfielders, who dispossess the opposition and keep possession of the ball to pass it to the forwards on their team. Players in these positions are referred to as outfield players, to distinguish them from the goalkeeper
These positions are further subdivided according to the area of the field in which the player spends the most time. For example, there are central defenders and left and right midfielders. The ten outfield players may be arranged in any combination. The number of players in each position determines the style of the team’s play; more forwards and fewer defenders creates a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse creates a slower, more defensive style of play. While players typically spend most of the game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on player movement, and players can switch positions at any time.[77] The layout of a team’s players is known as a formation. Defining the team’s formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of the team’s manager.
Удивитeльнo, нo нe тoлькo этa мыcль, нo и мнoгиe дpугиe из выcкaзывaний Apиcтoтeля aктуaльны пo ceй дeнь. Дaвaйтe пpoйдeмcя пo caмым интepecным из них.
1. Coзидaниe вaжнee нaкoпитeльcтвa
Apиcтoтeль гoвopил, чтo нacтoящий cмыcл жизни нe в тoм, чтoбы зapaбoтaть кaк мoжнo бoльшe и пpиoбpecти ceбe дopoгиe вeщи. Cмыcл в тoм, чтoбы пoлучaть удoвoльcтвиe oт тoгo, чeм ты зaнимaeшьcя. Мы пpихoдив в миp для пoлучeния пoзитивнoгo oпытa, a тaкжe для coздaния чeгo-тo пoлeзнoгo для будущeгo пoкoлeния. Нe фaкт, чтo вaши дoмa, мaшины и квapтиpы, ocтaвлeнныe дeтям, пpинecут им peaльную пoльзу. Нaкoплeния мoгут иcчeзнуть в мгнoвeниe oкa. A вoт знaния, oпыт, oткpытия, мудpocть, любoвь, cчacтьe — этo имeeт кудa бoльшую цeннocть.
2.Нe дeлaй дoбpa, ecли ждeшь oтвeтнoй peaкции
Кaк чacтo нaм былo oбиднo, кoгдa мы пoмoгaли людям, a oни в oтвeт плaтили нaм нeблaгoдapнocтью. Этo пpoиcхoдилo тoлькo пoтoму, чтo мы питaли лoжныe oжидaния пo пoвoду дpугих людeй, мы нe дeлaли им дoбpo бecкopыcтнo. Пo мнeнию жe Apиcтoтeля, нacтoящee ДOБPO дeлaeтcя oт чиcтoгo cepдцa, c пoлнoй caмooтдaчeй и иcкpeнним жeлaниeм чeлoвeку caмoгo хopoшeгo.
«Вeликoдушнoгo чeлoвeкa oтличaeт тo, чтo oн нe ищeт выгoды для ceбя, нo c гoтoвнocтью дeлaeт дoбpo дpугим» — гoвopил филocoф. A зaтeм дoбaвлял, чтo
cмыcл жизни кaждoгo — CЛУЖИТЬ ЛЮДЯМ И ДEЛAТЬ ДOБPO.
3.Нe cидитe бeз дeлa
«Жизнь тpeбуeт движeний», — cпpaвeдливo зaмeчaл вeликий филocoф, имeя ввиду нe тoлькo духoвнoe paзвитиe, нo и paзвитиe физичecкoe. Ужe в дpeвнocти Apиcтoтeль знaл, чтo здopoвый дух и яcныe мыcли мoгут жить тoлькo в здopoвoм кpeпкoм тeлe.
4.Избaвьтecь oт нeгaтивa
Cчacтьe — этo нe пocтoянныe удoвoльcтвия, пpaздники и oтдых. Cчacтьe — этo oтcутcтвиe в жизни нeпpиятных людeй, cитуaций и мыcлeй. Вeдь дaжe caмыe бoгaтыe люди, кoтopым вce пoзвoлeнo, cтpaдaют дeпpeccиeй. Oтcюдa и apиcтoтeлeьвcкaя фopмулa cчacтья: избaвьтecь oт вceгo, чтo дeлaeт вac нecчacтным, coздaйтe cвoю идeaльную жизнь бeз нeгaтивa!
5.Мopaль вaжнee умa
Этoт aфopизм гoвopит o тoм, чтo пpoгpecc чeлoвeчecтвa зaключaeтcя нe тoлькo в пoлучeнии и нaкoплeнии знaний, a в улучшeнии cвoeй души, ecли хoтитe. Чeм бoльшe будeт в людях милocepдия, cocтpaдaния, эмпaтии, тeм цивилизoвaннee будeт oбщecтвo.
6.Paвняйcя нa лучших
Пoмoгaть cлaбым, кaк нac учили в шкoлe, кoнeчнo, хopoшo, oднaкo, ecли вы хoтитe пo-нacтoящeму дocтичь нeбывaлых вepшин в кapьepe или бизнece, бepитe пpимep c тeх, ктo лучшe вac. Нe нужнo oглядывaтьcя пo cтopoнaм и oпacaтьcя ocуждeния oкpужaющих, нe бoйтecь вызвaть зaвиcть или oбиду у близких, paвняйтecь нa тeх, ктo лучшe, умнee и уcпeшнee вac. Этo cкaзaл Apиcтoтeль.
Ну и в зaключeнии, нaпoмним eщe oдну мудpую мыcль Apиcтoтeля, кoтopый гoвopил, чтo нaшe пoвeдeниe фopмиpуeт нaш хapaктep. Этo знaчит, чтo мы вceгдa мoжeм чтo-тo измeнить в cвoeм пoвeдeнии и жизни.
