About football and its history

Football is a team sport in which the goal is to kick the ball into the opponent’s goal with the feet or other parts of the body (except the arms) more times than the opposing team. Currently the most popular and massive sport in the world

Early varieties of footballBall games have been played in many countries. In China, this variety was called Zhu-Ke. In ancient Sparta, the game was called “Episkiros”, and in Ancient Rome “Harpastum”. Around the XIV century, the Italians invented the game “Calcio”. It was they who brought this game to the British Isles.The first rulesIn the XIX century, football in England gained popularity comparable to cricket. It was played mostly in colleges. In some colleges, the rules allowed holding and passing the ball with their hands, in others, on the contrary, it was prohibited. The first attempt to create uniform rules was made in 1846, when representatives of several colleges met. They established the first set of rules. In 1857, the first specialized football club was founded — Sheffield. In 1863, after long negotiations, the code of rules of the Football Association of England was adopted. The dimensions of the field and gate were also adopted. And in 1871, the FA Cup was founded — the oldest football tournament in the world. In 1891, the penalty shootout rule was adopted. But at first the penalty was not fought from the point, but from the line, which, just like now, was at a distance of 11 meters from the goal.

In the 1880s, football became popular in society. The number of clubs in the Football Association exceeded 100. At the same time, rumors began to circulate that some clubs were paying players salaries, and according to the original plan of the association, football was an exclusively amateur sport. Therefore , in 1882 , the following paragraph was added to the rules:Any player of the club who receives remuneration from the club in any form or monetary compensation exceeding his personal expenses or funds in connection with entering a particular game is automatically suspended in Cup competitions, in any competitions under the auspices of the FA and in international tournaments. The club that hired such a player is automatically excluded from the Association.At the beginning of 1884, the Upton Park club accused Preston North End of paying salaries to the players of this club. The president of Preston, William Saddel, also acknowledged this. The club was expelled from the FA. And in 1885, the Football Association still allowed players to pay salaries. This led to the creation of the world’s first regular Football League. The champion of this tournament was Preston North End. On November 30, 1872, the first ever international match was held. It was held between the national teams of England and Scotland. In 1904, FIFA, the governing body in football, was founded in Paris. It includes: Belgium, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Spain (like FC Madrid), Sweden and Switzerland.In 1901 in Montevideo hosted the first ever match involving teams that did not represent The British Isles are the hosts, the national team of Uruguay lost in a hard struggle Argentina with the score 2:3.

The beginning of international competitionsAfter the election of Jules Rime as FIFA president in 1921, a proposal was ratified to consider the subsequent Olympic football tournaments as “World Amateur Football Championships”. These tournaments — 1924 and 1928 — were won by the Uruguayan national team. Thanks to these successes, the Uruguayan Football Association had no competitors in the struggle to organize the first FIFA World Cup in history (better known in Russian simply as the FIFA World Cup), which was held in 1930. The Uruguayans became the winner of the home championship, three-time FIFA world champions and the first FIFA World Cup winners. This was the beginning of a new era in the history of football. Until 1970, this trophy was named after Jules Rime, was also known as the “Cup of the Goddess Nike”, but after the third victory of the Brazilian national team at the World Cup, it was given to her for eternal storage. Instead, the modern World Cup began to be played.

A kind of football

There are many varieties of football, mostly with fewer players, including: futsal (AMF) and futsal (FIFA) — mini-football (played in the hall on a special surface), showball (played in an adapted hockey box with artificial turf), yard football (played on any surface on fields of any size by any number of people), beach soccer (played on sand), “river football” (knee-deep in water, annual tournament in English Burton), “swamp football” (played in a swamp), football freestyle (consists in performing all kinds of feints and tricks), rashball (played on a field divided into goalkeeper, free kick, attack, defense and neutral zones), footdableball (played with two balls).There are also virtual and table football as sports games and football on paper as a logic game.Since the popularity of football is very high, there are many games that simulate football.In Manchester , it operates The National Football Museum, which shows fifteen-minute films about outstanding matches of the past, in the halls of the museum there are wax figures of famous players, various exhibits from the history of football.

football in the world

According to FIFA, in 2001, about 250 million people played football on the planet. More than 20 million of them are women. About 1.5 million teams and 300,000 professional clubs are registered.According to the statement of the President of FIFA, Y. The total number of players in the world in May 2004 was 250 million people, which corresponds to 4.1% of the world’s population.[51]In the distribution by country, the USA is in first place in terms of the number of football players (approximately 18 million, of which 40% are women), followed by Indonesia (10 million), Mexico (7.4 million), China (7.2 million), Brazil (7 million), Germany (6.2 million), Bangladesh (5.2 million), Italy (4 million), Russia (3.8 million). However, the number of football players in a particular country does not speak at all about the quality of football in different parts of the world. Thus, the World Cup was won exclusively by European and South American teams, and in Uruguay, which is a two-time winner of the FIFA World Cup, has fewer people living than registered football players in Russia.In July 2017, the International Football Federation (FIFA) announced plans to captivate 60% of the world’s population with football by 2026. FIFA intends to invest $ 4 billion in the development of football.

Name

Main article: Names for association footballFootball is one of a family of football codes, which emerged from various ball games played worldwide since antiquity.The term soccer comes from Oxford “-er” slang, which was prevalent at Oxford University in England from about 1875, and is thought to have been borrowed from the slang of Rugby School. The slang also gave rise to rugger for Rugby football, fiver and tenner for a five-pound and ten-pound note, and the now-archaic footer for association football. The word soccer (which arrived at its final form in 1895) was first recorded in 1889 in the earlier form of socca.Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called “football” in Great Britain and most of Ulster in the north of Ireland, whereas people usually call it “soccer” in regions and countries where other codes of football are prevalent, such as Australia, Canada, South Africa, most of Ireland (excluding Ulster) and the United States. A notable exception is New Zealand, where in the first two decades of the 21st century, under the influence of international television, “football” has been gaining prevalence, despite the dominance of other codes of football, namely rugby union and rugby league.

History

Main article: History of association football(Left): an episkyros player on an ancient stone carving, c. 375–400 BC, exhibited at the National Archaeological Museum, Athens; (right): children playing cuju in Song dynasty China, 12th centuryKicking ball games arose independently multiple times across multiple cultures. The Chinese competitive game cuju (蹴鞠, literally “kick ball”) resembles modern association football.[15] Cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. During the Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE), cuju games were standardised and rules were established.[16]Phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games.[17][18] An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens[14] appears on the UEFA European Championship trophy.[19] Athenaeus, writing in 228 CE, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence. They all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football.[16][20][21][22][23][24] As with pre-codified “mob football”, the antecedent of all modern football codes, these three games involved more handling the ball than kicking.[25][26]Other games included kemari in Japan and chuk-guk in Korea.[27][28] In North America, pasuckuakohowog was a ball game played by the Algonquians; it was described as “almost identical to the kind of folk football being played in Europe at the same time, in which the ball was kicked through goals”.[29]Association football in itself does not have a classical history.[19] Notwithstanding any similarities to other ball games played around the world FIFA has recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe.[30] The modern rules of association football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England. The history of football in England dates back to at least the eighth century CE.

Gameplay

Association football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game. The game is played using a spherical ball of 68–70 cm (27–28 in) circumference,[69] known as the football (or soccer ball). Two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the other team’s goal (between the posts and under the bar), thereby scoring a goal. The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw. Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game: to represent their team in the coin toss before kick-off or penalty kicks.[4]A goalkeeper saving a close-range shot from inside the penalty areaThe primary law is that players other than goalkeepers may not deliberately handle the ball with their hands or arms during play, though they must use both their hands during a throw-in restart. Although players usually use their feet to move the ball around they may use any part of their body (notably, “heading” with the forehead)[70] other than their hands or arms.[71] Within normal play, all players are free to play the ball in any direction and move throughout the pitch, though players may not pass to teammates who are in an offside position.[72]During gameplay, players attempt to create goal-scoring opportunities through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling, passing the ball to a teammate, and by taking shots at the goal, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the opponent in possession of the ball; however, physical contact between opponents is restricted. Football is generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play or when play is stopped by the referee for an infringement of the rules. After a stoppage, play recommences with a specified restart.[73]A player executing a slide tackle to dispossess an opponentAt a professional level, most matches produce only a few goals. For example, the 2005–06 season of the English Premier League produced an average of 2.48 goals per match.[74] The Laws of the Game do not specify any player positions other than goalkeeper,[75] but a number of specialised roles have evolved.[76] Broadly, these include three main categories: strikers, or forwards, whose main task is to score goals; defenders, who specialise in preventing their opponents from scoring; and midfielders, who dispossess the opposition and keep possession of the ball to pass it to the forwards on their team. Players in these positions are referred to as outfield players, to distinguish them from the goalkeeper

These positions are further subdivided according to the area of the field in which the player spends the most time. For example, there are central defenders and left and right midfielders. The ten outfield players may be arranged in any combination. The number of players in each position determines the style of the team’s play; more forwards and fewer defenders creates a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse creates a slower, more defensive style of play. While players typically spend most of the game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on player movement, and players can switch positions at any time.[77] The layout of a team’s players is known as a formation. Defining the team’s formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of the team’s manager.

Diagnostic test

Date: 15.12.2021
Name: Alik Asatryan
Subject and Grade: English, 2nd course
Diagnostic test
Հայտորոշիչ թեստ

1.Fill in the gaps choosing the correct adjectives(0.1*10). Լրացրեք բաց թողնված
տեղերը ընտրելով համապատասխան ածականները(0,1*10)
1. Your English is much……… than mine. (better/ best)
2. We′ve have had much………. rain this year than last year. (more, most)
3. The place that gets the…….. rain in the world is a mountain in Hawaii. (more/most)
4. This is ……… than I thought. (harder/hardest)
5. I don’t know much, but she knows even…..than I do. (less/least)
6. ”How is your headache?” It’s getting…….(worse/worst)
7. He is…….. in the class.(old/the oldest)
8. I’m……… tennis player in the world.(worse/worst)
9. ”I’ll get you an aspirin. That’ll make you feel…….(better/best)
10. People say that Rolls-Royce cars are the……. in the world.(better/best)

2. Match the beginnings and the ends(0.2*5). Համապատասխանեցնել(0.2*5)
    Beginnings                                       Ends
1.Buy the cat food here                  e) She’ll be ok.
2.Don’t give her your keys            c) On May 12
3.She’ll be fourteen                        b)She’ll only lose them
4.How is Jane?                               a) about it
5.She’ll forget                                  d) it’ll be cheaper

3.Put the verbs in the correct tense form.(0.2*5) Գրել բայերը ճիշտ
ժամանակաձևով(0.2*5)
1. Susanna often gets to school late.
– That’s because she walks slowly.
2. She – worked hard in Mrs. Potter’s garden yesterday.
3. Ann already passed her exams.
4. Our team lost its match last week.
5. Kate, what are you doing now?

4.Fill in the missing words in the text(0.2*5) Լրացնել տեքստում բաց թողած
բառերը: (0.2*5)

This is Tracy’s camera. Tracy works for the Daily Mirror. Today she’s waiting for the Prince of Wales in a street corner next to Paddington Station. The Prince of Wales wanted to arrive at the station at twelve o’clock. But it is a foggy day and his train from Cardiff is late. At last he arrives. Some people get out their binoculars. But his car doesn’t come round the corner. It goes straight ahead. Tracy is stuck in the crowd. She can hardly. Too late! Tracy isn’t able to take a photo of him.

Foggy, ahead, late, move, arrive, corner, stuck, binoculars, work, crowd

5.Put the verbs in the past continuous or simple past. (0,25*8) Բայերը տեղադրել
անցյալ շարունակական կամ անցյալ անորոշ ժամանակաձևով: (0.25*8)
1. When the Black Knight (to ride) out his castle, Arthur (to wait) outside.
2. Arthur (to fight) the Black Knight when his sword (to be break).
3.The Black Knight (to win) when Merlin ( to appear) and (to save) Arthur.
4. While the Black Knight (to sleep) Arthur and Merlin (to go) to fairy country.
5. The sun (to shine) when they (to arrive) at the lake.
6. Arthur (to stand) near the lake when a hand (to come) up out of the water.
7. When Arthur and Merlin (to come) back, the Black Knight (to sleep) on the ground.
8. When Arthur (to die) , he (to ask) a friend to throw Excalibur back into the lake.

1) rode, was waiting
2) was fighting , broke
3) was winning, appeared and saved
4) was sleeping, were going
5) was shining, arrived
6) was standing, came
7) came, was still sleeping
8) was dying, asked

What are you doing tomorrow?

25.1 Andrew is playing tennis on Friday.

Richard is going to the cinema.

Rachel is meeting Dave on Friday.

Karen is having lunch with Ken on Friday.

Tom and Sue are going to a party on Friday.

25.2 Are you going out tonight?

Are you working next week?

What are you doing tomorrow evening?

What time are your friends coming?

When is Liz going on holiday?

25.3 I’m staying at home tonight.

I’m going to the theatre on Monday.

I’m reading tonight.

I’m drawing on Friday.

I’m going to a garden next week.

I’m doing my homeworks tomorrow.

25.4 ‘Are you going out tonight?’
‘No, I’m too tired’

We’re going to a concert tonight. It starts at 7.30.

Do you know about Sally? She is getting married next month!

A: My parents are going on holiday next week.
B: Oh, that’s nice. Where are they going? Silvia is doing an English course at the moment. The course finishes on Friday. There’s a party tomorrow night, but I’m not going. I’m going out with some friends tonight. Why didn’t you come too? We are meeting outside the Royal Hotel at 8 o’clock.

A: How are you getting home after the party tomorrow? By taxi?
B: No, I can go by bus. The last bus leaves at midnight.

A: Do you want to go to the cinema tonight?
B: Yes, what time does the film begin?

A: What are you doing tomorrow afternoon?
B: I’m working.

Five Reasons Why We Can No Longer Live Without Internet

The internet plays a big role in people’s lives. People can find interesting information through the Internet. I use the internet to learn my lessons, sometimes I play games in my free time. But the Internet also has a negative role in people’s lives, it can cause various diseases, such as visual ailments, neurological diseases, etc. internet should be used in moderation.Five Reasons Why We Can No Longer Live Without Internet

Ah, the internet, the most criticised element which plays a crucial part in many people’s lives these days. It makes us question, could we really live without internet in 2018?

To answer that question, in this article we take a look at the impact the internet has on us and our lives and just how important it is really is to us.

1. We Are Completely Reliant On It

From adding items to your basket, to buying a flight or train ticket to swiping for a new date, the internet has truly opened us up to a new world, one where our options are completely endless. The moment there is a problem with Wifi you start to panic, the fear of being cut off sinks in, and we realize we are completely reliant on the internet. Fast Wifi plans such as NBN plans are becoming more and more popular, and helping us to keep connected for longer. To be without Wi-Fi is like taking away part of your body, as in 2018 most people and homes have Wi-Fi connections, and are more connected than ever before.

2. It Connects Us More Than Ever Before

It can be agreed that with the internet we are a lot more connected than our ancestors were, or heck even our parents’ generation was. A quick WhatsApp message or a Skype call and you can be talking to someone in seconds no matter where they are in the world. This is only a fantasy that your great grandma would have imagined back in her day, but to us it’s out reality. This is a great advantage we are lucky to have nowadays, and living without it would make us feel extremely isolated.

3. It Prevents Loneliness

Many elderly people are known to suffer from loneliness, especially after becoming widowed. Thanks to the internet, many elderlies have learned to benefit from using new technology, such as the iPad or even computer and phones, and this has therefore given new hope to reconnect with their loved ones who perhaps don’t live close by. This also allows them to discover new people or new activities going on in their area, which helps to keep them feeling an active member of society, and not just stuck in the past.

4. Improves Education

One of the best benefits of having the internet is in terms of education. The moment you want to know something, you have access to it immediately and don’t have to spend time and money researching in a library, depending on what it is you want to find. Along with this, universities and colleges even provide lectures and courses completely online so that students can follow whenever they please. This is so much more helpful for students when they study as they can instantly get help when they need it most.

5. More Flexibility

Finally, it can definitely be argued that the internet gives us a lot more flexibility, in terms of work as well as in terms of making money. If you are unable to reach work, you can now Skype in and make the meeting, and similarly work from wherever you feel fit. When it comes to freelancing, this is one of the best periods for freelancers as companies and businesses increasingly search for freelancers, and without the internet all of this would cease to exist.

I used to… exercises

36.1․1)She used to have long hair.

2)He used to play football.

3)She used to be a taxi driver.

4)They used to live in the country.

5)He used to wear glasses.

6)This building used to be a hotel.

36.2․1)She used to swim every day.

2)She used to go out most evenings.

3)She used to play the guitar.

4)She used to read a lot.

5)She used to go away 2 or 3 times a year.

6)She used to work very hard.

36.3․1)I used to play tennis. I stopped playing a few years ago.

2)‘Do you do any sport?’
‘Yes, I play basketball.’

3)‘Have you got a car?’
‘No, I used to have one, but I sold it.’

4)George used to be a waiter. Now he’s the manager of a hotel.

5)‘Do you go to work by car?’
‘Sometimes, but most days I go by train.’

6)When I was a child, I never used to eat meat, but I eat it now.

7)Mary loves watching TV. She watches TV every evening.

8)We used to live near the airport, but we moved to the city center a few years ago.

9)Normally I start work at 7 o’clock, so I get up very early.

10)What games did you use to play when you were a child?

Past simple

Exercise 1

Complete these sentences. Use the verbs below.

clean – die – enjoy – end – happen – live – open – play – rain – repair – start – stay – want – watch

1. Yesterday evening I (watched) TV.

2. I only (cleaned) my teeth four times last week.

3. Bruce (repaired) his mountain bike yesterday evening.

4. The concert last night (started) at 7.30 and (ended) at 10 o’clock.

5. The accident (happened) last Sunday afternoon.

6. When I was a child, I (wanted) to be a lawyer.

7. Mozart (lived) from 1756 to 1791.

8. We (enjoyed) our holiday last week.

9. Today the weather is nice, but yesterday it (rained).

10. It was hot in the room, so I (opened) the window.

11. The weather was good yesterday afternoon, so we (played) tennis.

12. William Shakespeare (died) in 1616.

Exercise 2

Put the sentences from the present into the past simple.

1. He always goes to work by car. Yesterday he went to work by bus.

2. They always get up early. This morning they got up late.

3. Bill often loses his key. He lost one last Saturday.

4. I write a letter to Jane every week. Last week I wrote two letters.

5. She meets her friends every evening. She met them yesterday evening, too.

6. I usually read two newspapers every day. I only read a newspaper yesterday.

7. They come to my house every Friday. Last Friday they came , too.

8. We usually go to the cinema on Sunday. We went to the cinema last Sunday, too.

9. Tom always has a shower in the morning. Tom had a shower this morning, too.

10. They buy a new car every year. Last year they bought a new car, too.

11. I eat an orange every day. Yesterday I ate two oranges.

12. We usually do our shopping on Monday. We did our shopping last Monday, too.

13. Ann often takes photos. Last weekend she took some photos.

14. We leave at 8.30 every morning. But yesterday we left at 8.00.

Exercise 3

Put the verbs into the correct form (simple past).

Last year I spent my holiday in Ireland.

It was great.

I traveled around by car with two friends and we visited lots of interesting places.

In the evenings we usually went to a pub.

One night we even learned some Irish dances.

We were very lucky with the weather.

It didn’t rain a lot.

But we saw some beautiful rainbows.

Where did you spend your last holiday?

Անգլերեն բառեր

Combine-միավորել
Theoretical-տեսական
practical-գործնական
appeal-բողոքարկում
cultivated-մշակված
unculltivated-անմշակված
to purchase-գնել
nursery vines-խաղողի տնկիներ
root-արմատ
to be equipped-սարքավորված լինել
equipment-սարքավորումներ
harvest-բերք
to take part-մասնակցել
fermentation-խմորում
proffesional-Մասնագիտական

Our college

Students get vocational and career college education at our College.

We have the following departments of career college education here:

  • Pre-school education
  • Office work with specialized teaching of foreign languages
  • Organization of tourism services with specialized teaching of foreign languages
  • Librarianship
  • Decorative and applied arts and crafts
  • Computer network maintenance
  • Photograghy
  • Fashion modeling and clothing design

Two new departments were open in September 2019

  • Fermentation technology and winemaking
  • Computer arts design

We have the following departments of vocational education:

  • Gardening
  • Sewing technology
  • Horticulture
  • Culinary

Two new departments were open in September 2019

  • Winemaking and production of juices
  • Pottery

At our college, we are trying to create a proper environment for vocational education: modern studio-workshop-laboratories.

We are realizing production based teaching. We are sure that the best teaching is through teaching with real work. Our educational programs are organized through the educational calendar of the Educomplex, with personal digital means and educational projects.

The education here is also considered individual as we have the opportunity to choose courses of supplementary education. Open clubs of preference development function here. We organize open creative gatherings, reviews, exhibitions, presentations and concerts.REPORT THIS AD

Sewing workshop

The College students can also participate in the expositional, military-sports camps organized for the schools of the Educom

The College students of the departments “Sewing technology” and “Fashion modeling and clothing design” have their trainings in one workshop. We have already said that our education is production based. During the specialization the training is carried out by projects. The students acquire professional skills while working. They are manufacturing a make-to-order process for other branch educational institutions of the Educomplex.

For example, the students sew pillows, blankets, sheets, holiday ritual clothes and other items for the kindergartens of the Educomplex.

Laboratory of technology and decorative applied arts and crafts

There is a main workshop of the profession “Decorative applied arts and crafts”. But the students, having chosen the supplementary courses of handicrafts and crafts, also have their trainings here. Here the students are engaged in pottery, sculpture, drawing, as well as decorations, plates, glasses and other applied art samples.

The workshop cooperates with the Grapes and Wine School. In the result of the project work, there have been designed wine bottles, labels. Both the college students and the pre-school children take part in these projects. During the ritual projects, the students decorate the College, creating the typical environment for each ritual.

Greenhouse laboratory

There is greenhouse laboratory in our college. Thanks to project based teaching we can effectively combine theoretical knowledge with practical training in the greenhouse laboratory.

The greenhouse laboratory serves the students of different age groups: from pre-school children up to school children and teachers.

The middle school learners carry out their biological projects in the greenhouse. The College students of ″Horticulture″ department work here.

Grapes and Wine School
In 2018 Grapes and Wine School established the following departments: ″Fermentation Technology and Winemaking″, ″Winemaking and Production of juices″ and ″Cultivation of Grapes and Horticulture″.

Vineyards
We have already planted grape vines on the College hill and on the Educational Farm. The Educomplex has appealed to the Government of the RA to provide us with a plot in the uncultivated area near the Educational Farm. Here we will have a large grape vineyard, for which we have already purchased nursery vines and rooted them all year round. We already have vineyards on Saralandge(hillside) and in front of the college entrance.

Wine Laboratory

We have wine laboratory which is equipped with wine making equipments.

Last year our students with groups of schoolchildren took part in grape harvesting and wine making process (grape harvesting, grape crushing, releasing the juice and fermentation…)

Wine Cellar
The wine cellar will be in the basement of our building. Wine aging will be done in the barrels and clay vessels. The bottled wine will also be kept here. There will be corners for tasting wine here.

Barrel making workshop
There has been created a barrel making workshop where barrels will be made and repaired.